Middle Ages Regents Practice Exam 2026 - Free Regents Practice Questions and Study Guide

Post-Roman Europe was characterized by weak centralized authority and significant interference from outsiders due to the collapse of the Roman Empire. After the fall of Rome, the political landscape of Europe became fragmented into various kingdoms and local powers, leading to a lack of strong, centralized governance. This disunity allowed for invasions and incursions by various groups, such as the Germanic tribes and later the Vikings, which further destabilized the region.

The enduring absence of a powerful central authority meant that local lords and chieftains often had to fend for themselves, leading to a feudal system where loyalty and protection were exchanged at the local level rather than through a unified government. This period saw a lack of consistent laws, trade routes, and infrastructure that had previously been maintained by the Romans, leading to a significant step back in societal organization and security.

The other conditions mentioned did exist in varying degrees but were not defining characteristics of the era. While there were artistic pursuits and some public works constructed, they were generally limited and not widespread. Democratic rule and coordinated economic policy were also not features of this time; instead, the period is marked by localized power and lack of overarching governance.